Best Home Loans for Immigrants in the USA
Buying a house in the United States is a major financial goal for many immigrants, visa holders, green card holders, foreign workers, permanent residents, international professionals and new residents planning to build a stable life in America.
For people moving through work visa routes, job sponsorship, family relocation or permanent residence pathways, owning a home is more than buying property. It can support family stability, wealth creation, credit growth, long term settlement and financial confidence.
However, finding the best home loans for immigrants in the USA can feel confusing. Mortgage lenders usually review credit score, income, employment history, visa status, down payment, debt-to-income ratio, savings, tax documents and legal residency evidence before approving a home loan.
For many immigrants, the process may feel more difficult because they may have limited U.S. credit history, foreign income, recent employment changes, self-employment records, no long rental history or extra visa-related documents.
The good news is that many mortgage lenders in the United States now provide mortgage options for eligible immigrants, visa holders, green card holders, permanent residents, foreign workers, first-time immigrant buyers and self-employed immigrants.
This guide explains the best home loan options for immigrants in the USA, including FHA loans, conventional mortgages, Non-QM loans, jumbo loans, mortgage pre-approval, credit score requirements, down payment rules, mortgage rates, closing costs, lender comparison and practical steps to improve approval chances.
Why Home Loans Matter for Immigrants in the USA
For many immigrants, buying a home is a major step toward financial security in the United States.
Homeownership can help immigrants:
Build long term wealth
Reduce rent pressure
Create family stability
Build home equity
Improve financial confidence
Settle into a community
Support permanent settlement goals
Strengthen credit history
Prepare for family relocation
Create a valuable long term asset
Many immigrants who arrive through job sponsorship or work permit opportunities start by renting rooms, apartments or temporary housing options for immigrants. After building their credit score, improving income and saving for a down payment, they may begin searching for mortgage options.
For people working toward permanent residence through employment, buying a home can become part of a larger settlement plan.
Why Mortgage Lenders Are Serving More Immigrant Buyers
The U.S. housing market includes many immigrant home buyers. Mortgage lenders understand that many immigrants have stable jobs, strong education, reliable income, professional skills and long term plans to remain in the country.
Immigrant borrowers may include:
H-1B visa holders
Green card holders
Permanent residents
Skilled foreign workers
Healthcare professionals
Technology workers
Self-employed immigrants
Business owners
First-time home buyers
International professionals
Because of this, many lenders now offer more flexible mortgage options for eligible immigrant borrowers.
Some lenders may accept alternative credit records, rental payment history, bank statements, foreign income documents or nontraditional proof of income, depending on the mortgage type and lender policy.
Can Immigrants Get Home Loans in the USA?
Yes. Many immigrants can qualify for home loans in the United States if they meet the lender’s requirements.
Mortgage approval may depend on:
Legal residency or eligible visa status
Credit score
Income
Employment stability
Down payment
Debt-to-income ratio
Savings
Bank statements
Tax documents
Property type
Different lenders have different rules. Some lenders are comfortable working with visa holders, while others may prefer green card holders or permanent residents.
This is why immigrants should compare several mortgage lenders before choosing a home loan.
Best Home Loan Options for Immigrants in the USA
Immigrants may qualify for different mortgage products depending on their credit score, income, savings, visa status and home buying goals.
Common home loan options include:
FHA home loans
Conventional mortgage loans
Non-QM mortgage loans
Jumbo mortgage loans
Physician loans
Bank statement loans
First-time home buyer programs
State housing assistance programs
Each option has different requirements and benefits.
1. FHA Home Loans for Immigrants
FHA loans are popular among first-time buyers and immigrant borrowers who may have limited savings or a moderate credit score.
An FHA loan is a government-backed mortgage insured by the Federal Housing Administration. It is often easier to qualify for than a conventional loan because it usually offers more flexible credit and down payment requirements.
FHA loans may be useful for immigrants who want to buy a home but have not yet built a very strong U.S. credit profile.
Why FHA Loans Are Popular
FHA loans may offer:
Low down payment
Flexible credit requirements
Easier approval standards
Competitive fixed mortgage rates
Lower entry barrier for first-time buyers
More flexible debt-to-income rules
Access for eligible non-citizens
For many first-time immigrant home buyers, FHA financing can be one of the easier ways to enter the housing market.
FHA Loan Requirements
Typical FHA requirements may include:
Credit score around 580 or higher for lower down payment options
Down payment as low as 3.5 percent for eligible borrowers
Proof of legal residency or eligible immigration status
Stable employment history
Verifiable income
Bank statements
Proof of down payment funds
Debt-to-income ratio within lender limits
Property meeting FHA standards
Mortgage insurance payments
FHA loans are often helpful for immigrants with smaller savings, limited credit history or first-time buyer status.
Best For
FHA loans may work well for:
First-time immigrant home buyers
Eligible visa holders
Green card holders
Permanent residents
Buyers with smaller down payment
Buyers with moderate credit score
Workers in visa sponsorship roles
New residents building credit score
2. Conventional Mortgage Loans for Immigrants
Conventional mortgage loans are not insured by the federal government. They are issued by private lenders and usually have stricter approval requirements than FHA loans.
However, conventional loans may be cheaper over time for borrowers with strong credit, stable income and a larger down payment.
Benefits of Conventional Loans
Conventional mortgages may offer:
Lower long term borrowing costs
Better mortgage rates for strong borrowers
Mortgage insurance that may be removed later
Flexible loan terms
Higher loan limits than some entry-level programs
Good options for borrowers with strong credit
For immigrants who have already built a strong credit score and stable income in the USA, conventional loans can be a good choice.
Conventional Loan Requirements
Typical conventional mortgage requirements may include:
Credit score around 620 or higher
Down payment from 3 percent to 20 percent
Stable income
Employment verification
Debt-to-income ratio within lender limits
Bank statements
Tax records
Legal residency or eligible visa documentation
Stronger credit profile than FHA
Mortgage insurance if down payment is below 20 percent
Best For
Conventional loans may suit:
Immigrants with strong credit score
Green card holders
Permanent residents
High income professionals
Buyers with stable employment
Buyers with larger savings
Borrowers who want lower long term costs
Borrowers planning to remove mortgage insurance later
3. Non-QM Mortgage Loans for Immigrants
Non-QM loans, also known as non-qualified mortgages, are designed for borrowers who do not fit standard mortgage approval rules.
Many immigrants, foreign entrepreneurs, business owners, self-employed workers, freelancers and independent contractors may struggle with traditional mortgage documentation.
Non-QM lenders may allow alternative documentation.
How Non-QM Loans Work
Non-QM loans may use:
Bank statements
Business revenue
Foreign income documents
Asset-based qualification
Rental income
Profit and loss statements
CPA letters
Self-employment income
Alternative credit history
Investment income
This can help immigrant borrowers who earn good income but do not qualify easily through traditional mortgage rules.
Best For
Non-QM loans may be suitable for:
Self-employed immigrants
Business owners
Freelancers
Contractors
Real estate investors
Foreign income earners
Borrowers with complex income
Immigrants without standard tax records
Important Warning
Non-QM loans can be flexible, but they may also come with higher interest rates, higher down payments and stricter lender review.
Borrowers should compare carefully before choosing this route.
4. Jumbo Mortgage Loans for Immigrants
Jumbo mortgage loans are used when the home price is above standard conforming loan limits.
These loans are common in expensive housing markets such as California, New York, Massachusetts, Washington, New Jersey and some parts of Florida.
Jumbo Loan Features
Jumbo loans may offer:
Larger borrowing amounts
Financing for higher priced homes
Luxury property financing
Flexible property options
Programs for high income borrowers
Jumbo Loan Requirements
Typical jumbo loan requirements may include:
Credit score around 700 or higher
Down payment from 10 percent to 30 percent
Strong income documentation
Large cash reserves
Low debt-to-income ratio
Strong employment history
Full asset verification
Strong borrower profile
Best For
Jumbo loans may suit:
High income immigrants
Doctors and healthcare workers
Technology professionals
Business owners
Buyers in expensive housing markets
Permanent residents with strong finances
Green card holders with high income
Buyers purchasing larger homes
FHA vs Conventional Mortgage Comparison
Choosing between an FHA loan and a conventional loan is one of the biggest decisions for immigrant home buyers.
| Feature | FHA Loan | Conventional Loan |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum credit score | Often around 580 for lower down payment options | Often around 620 or higher |
| Down payment | As low as 3.5 percent for eligible borrowers | Often 3 percent to 20 percent |
| Mortgage insurance | Required | May be removable |
| Approval flexibility | Higher | Moderate |
| Best for | First-time buyers and moderate credit borrowers | Strong credit borrowers |
| Long term cost | Can be higher due to mortgage insurance | Can be lower for strong borrowers |
Many immigrant buyers begin with FHA loans and later refinance into conventional mortgages after improving their credit score, increasing income and building home equity.
Mortgage Pre-Approval for Immigrants
Mortgage pre-approval is one of the most important steps before buying a home.
Pre-approval helps you understand how much you may be able to borrow before you start viewing properties.
Benefits of Mortgage Pre-Approval
Mortgage pre-approval can help immigrants:
Understand their home buying budget
Know possible loan amount
Identify approval issues early
Strengthen property offers
Compare mortgage lenders
Prepare documents before house hunting
Avoid wasting time on unaffordable homes
Build confidence with real estate agents
A pre-approval letter can make your offer stronger when dealing with sellers.
Mortgage Pre-Approval Checklist
Immigrant borrowers may need:
Passport or government-issued ID
Visa or immigration documents
Green card if applicable
Employment verification letter
Recent pay stubs
W-2 forms if applicable
Tax returns
Bank statements
Down payment proof
Rental payment history
Credit report information
Proof of legal residency or eligible visa status
Gift letter if using gift funds
Student loan or debt information
Employer contact details
Preparing documents early can make the mortgage process smoother.
Down Payment Requirements by Loan Type
Down payment is one of the biggest concerns for immigrant home buyers.
Different mortgage programs have different down payment requirements.
| Loan Type | Typical Down Payment |
|---|---|
| FHA Loan | 3.5 percent |
| Conventional Loan | 3 percent to 20 percent |
| Jumbo Loan | 10 percent to 30 percent |
| Non-QM Loan | 10 percent to 25 percent |
| Physician Loan | May offer low down payment options |
| Bank Statement Loan | Often 10 percent to 25 percent |
A larger down payment can improve approval chances and reduce monthly mortgage payments.
Benefits of a Larger Down Payment
A higher down payment may help with:
Lower loan amount
Lower monthly payment
Better mortgage rate
Lower mortgage insurance
Stronger lender approval
More equity from the start
Reduced long term interest costs
For immigrants planning long term settlement, saving aggressively for a down payment can be a smart move.
Credit Score Requirements for Immigrant Mortgage Borrowers
Credit score is one of the most important factors in mortgage approval.
Your credit score can affect:
Loan approval
Interest rate
Down payment requirement
Mortgage insurance cost
Loan type eligibility
Monthly payment
Total mortgage cost
Typical Credit Score Benchmarks
| Credit Score | Possible Mortgage Access |
|---|---|
| 580 plus | FHA eligibility may be possible |
| 620 plus | Conventional mortgage may be possible |
| 680 plus | Better mortgage pricing |
| 700 plus | Stronger approval profile |
| 740 plus | Premium mortgage rate access |
Immigrants with limited U.S. credit history should focus on building credit before applying for a mortgage.
How Immigrants Can Build Credit Before Buying a Home
To build credit in the United States:
Open a U.S. bank account
Get a secured credit card if needed
Pay bills on time
Keep credit card balances low
Avoid unnecessary debt
Keep old accounts active
Check credit reports
Pay rent consistently
Avoid late payments
Avoid opening too many accounts before applying for a mortgage
Building credit early can save thousands of dollars in mortgage interest.
Mortgage Rates and Monthly Payment Examples
Mortgage interest rates change regularly. Even a small difference in mortgage rate can affect your monthly payment and total loan cost.
Mortgage rates may depend on:
Credit score
Down payment
Loan amount
Debt-to-income ratio
Property type
Loan type
Market conditions
Mortgage points
Lender fees
Borrower profile
Estimated Monthly Payment Example
The example below shows estimated principal and interest payments for a 30-year fixed mortgage on a $450,000 loan.
| Interest Rate | Estimated Monthly Payment |
|---|---|
| 5.50 percent | $2,555 |
| 6.00 percent | $2,698 |
| 6.50 percent | $2,844 |
| 7.00 percent | $2,993 |
This shows why comparing mortgage rates matters. A lower rate can save borrowers a lot of money over time.
Closing Costs for Immigrant Home Buyers
Many first-time buyers focus only on the down payment and forget closing costs.
Closing costs may include:
Loan origination fee
Appraisal fee
Title search
Title insurance
Credit report fee
Attorney fees in some states
Recording fees
Prepaid taxes
Prepaid insurance
Escrow deposits
Mortgage points
Underwriting fee
Closing costs can add thousands of dollars to the home buying process.
Immigrants should budget for both the down payment and closing costs before applying for a mortgage.
Debt-to-Income Ratio for Mortgage Approval
Debt-to-income ratio, also called DTI, compares monthly debt payments with monthly income.
Lenders use DTI to decide whether you can afford the mortgage.
Monthly debts may include:
Car loans
Credit cards
Student loans
Personal loans
Existing mortgage
Child support
Other financial obligations
A lower DTI can improve your chances of approval and may help you access better mortgage terms.
Income Needed to Buy a Home
Income requirements depend on home price, mortgage rate, debts, taxes, insurance and down payment.
General affordability examples:
| Home Price | Suggested Household Income |
|---|---|
| $300,000 | $65,000 to $85,000 |
| $450,000 | $95,000 to $125,000 |
| $600,000 | $130,000 to $170,000 |
| $850,000 | $180,000 to $240,000 |
These figures are only estimates. Actual approval depends on the lender’s rules and your full financial profile.
Best Mortgage Options by Immigrant Type
Best Mortgage for First-Time Immigrant Buyers
FHA loans are often helpful for first-time immigrant buyers because they offer lower down payment and more flexible credit requirements.
Best Mortgage for Green Card Holders
Green card holders and permanent residents may qualify for many mortgage options, including FHA, conventional, jumbo and state assistance programs, depending on income and credit score.
Best Mortgage for H-1B Visa Holders
Some lenders work with H-1B visa holders if they have stable employment, eligible visa documents and verifiable income.
H-1B workers in technology, healthcare, engineering and finance may be strong mortgage candidates if they meet the requirements.
Best Mortgage for Self-Employed Immigrants
Non-QM loans, bank statement loans and conventional loans with strong documentation may work for self-employed immigrants.
Self-employed borrowers should prepare bank statements, business records, tax returns, profit and loss statements and evidence of stable income.
Best Mortgage for High Income Professionals
Conventional loans and jumbo loans may work well for high income immigrants with strong credit score, large down payment and stable employment.
Best Mortgage for Doctors and Healthcare Workers
Some lenders provide physician loan programs for doctors and healthcare professionals.
These may include:
Low down payment options
Flexible debt-to-income review
Reduced mortgage insurance
Special programs for medical professionals
Immigrant doctors, nurses and healthcare workers should compare specialist mortgage programs carefully.
Best States for Immigrant Home Buyers
Some states may be attractive for immigrant home buyers because of job growth, affordability and housing supply.
| State | Key Advantage |
|---|---|
| Texas | Strong economy, job growth, no state income tax |
| Florida | No state income tax, large immigrant communities |
| Georgia | Lower home prices than many major states |
| North Carolina | Growing technology and healthcare sectors |
| Arizona | Expanding housing market |
| Ohio | More affordable home prices |
| Michigan | Lower cost of living |
| Pennsylvania | Mixed urban and affordable markets |
| Tennessee | Lower tax burden and growing cities |
| Indiana | Affordable housing and lower living costs |
Immigrants should compare job opportunities, housing prices, schools, transport, healthcare and community support before choosing where to buy.
Mortgage Documents Immigrants Should Prepare
Before applying for a home loan, prepare your documents early.
You may need:
Passport
Visa documents
Green card if applicable
Employment authorization if applicable
Social Security Number or ITIN if applicable
Pay stubs
W-2 forms
Tax returns
Bank statements
Down payment proof
Rental payment history
Credit report
Employer letter
Asset statements
Gift funds documentation
Immigration status documents
Business income documents if self-employed
Foreign income documents if relevant
Strong documentation can make the mortgage process smoother.
How to Compare Mortgage Lenders
Immigrants should not accept the first mortgage offer without comparing other options.
Try to compare at least three lenders if possible.
When comparing lenders, check:
Interest rate
Annual Percentage Rate, also called APR
Closing costs
Loan origination fees
Mortgage insurance
Down payment requirement
Approval flexibility
Visa holder policy
Non-citizen eligibility
Customer service
Prepayment penalties
Loan processing time
Experience with immigrant borrowers
The lender with the lowest advertised rate is not always the cheapest.
APR, fees, mortgage insurance and closing costs can affect the true cost of the loan.
Common Mortgage Mistakes Immigrants Should Avoid
Opening New Credit Accounts Before Closing
Opening new loans or credit cards before closing can affect your mortgage approval.
Making Large Undocumented Deposits
Large unexplained bank deposits may delay underwriting.
Changing Jobs During the Mortgage Process
Changing jobs during underwriting can cause problems unless it is properly explained and documented.
Ignoring Closing Costs
Down payment is not the only cost. Closing costs can be expensive.
Not Comparing Lenders
Different lenders may offer different rates, fees and approval rules.
Accepting the First Mortgage Offer
The first offer may not be the best offer.
Not Checking Credit Score Early
Credit problems should be fixed before applying.
Sending Incomplete Documents
Incomplete documents can delay approval.
Not Understanding Mortgage Insurance
Mortgage insurance can increase monthly payments.
Buying More House Than You Can Afford
A large mortgage can create long term financial pressure.
How Immigrants Can Improve Mortgage Approval Chances
To improve approval chances:
Build credit score early
Save for down payment
Keep stable employment
Reduce debt
Avoid late payments
Keep clean bank records
Avoid large unexplained deposits
Prepare immigration documents
Compare lenders
Get pre-approved before house hunting
Avoid job changes during underwriting
Keep emergency savings
Use a lender experienced with immigrant borrowers
Immigrants should also plan daily living costs carefully, especially if they are still renting or looking for affordable co-living spaces in the USA before buying a property.
Role of Immigration Lawyer and Mortgage Planning
A mortgage lender decides whether you qualify for a home loan. An immigration lawyer deals with immigration matters.
However, immigrants working toward permanent residence through work visas should keep strong financial records, stable employment history and proper documents.
An immigration lawyer may help with visa status, employment sponsorship, green card planning or permanent residence documents.
A mortgage lender may help with mortgage approval, credit score requirements, down payment, mortgage rates and property financing.
Both areas are different, but strong documentation and financial stability can support long term settlement planning.
Health Insurance and Home Buying Stability
Health insurance does not directly approve a mortgage, but it can protect your financial stability.
Medical bills in the United States can be expensive. If you are paying a mortgage, supporting family and working toward permanent residence, health insurance can reduce financial risk.
A strong immigrant financial plan should include:
Mortgage payment
Property tax
Home insurance
Health insurance
Emergency savings
Credit score management
Retirement savings
Family support
Immigration planning
Long term housing goals
Immigrants who support family abroad should also plan carefully and compare safe ways of sending money home from the USA while managing mortgage payments.
Real-Life Example: First-Time Immigrant Buyer Uses FHA Loan
Consider Ade, a Nigerian IT professional working in Texas through job sponsorship.
When he first arrived in the United States, he rented a room and focused on building his credit score. After two years of stable employment, he saved for a down payment and applied for mortgage pre-approval.
Because he was a first-time buyer with a moderate credit score, an FHA loan helped him qualify with a lower down payment.
After buying his first home, he continued building equity while preparing for long term settlement.
This shows how FHA home loans can help eligible immigrant buyers enter the housing market.
Real-Life Example: Self-Employed Immigrant Uses Non-QM Loan
Maria is a self-employed immigrant who runs a consulting business. She had strong income but did not qualify easily for a conventional mortgage because her tax documents did not fully reflect her business cash flow.
A Non-QM lender reviewed her bank statements and business revenue instead.
The interest rate was higher than a traditional mortgage, but the loan helped her buy a home while her business continued growing.
This shows why Non-QM loans can be useful for self-employed immigrants.
Real-Life Example: H-1B Worker Compares Lenders
Raj is an H-1B visa holder working as a software engineer. He had high income, strong savings and good credit score, but some lenders were unsure about his visa documents.
Instead of accepting the first offer, he compared several lenders and found one experienced with H-1B mortgage applications.
By comparing lenders, he secured better terms and avoided unnecessary delays.
This shows why visa holders should work with lenders who understand immigrant mortgage documents.
Refinancing for Immigrant Homeowners
After buying a home, immigrants may later refinance their mortgage.
Refinancing means replacing the current mortgage with a new one, often to get better terms.
Reasons to refinance may include:
Lower interest rate
Lower monthly payment
Removing mortgage insurance
Switching from FHA to conventional loan
Changing loan term
Accessing home equity
Improving cash flow
Many immigrant buyers start with FHA loans and refinance later after improving credit score and building equity.
First-Time Home Buyer Programs for Immigrants
Some states, cities and housing agencies offer first-time home buyer programs.
These may include:
Down payment assistance
Closing cost assistance
Home buyer education
Special mortgage programs
Grants for eligible buyers
Low interest loan options
Eligibility depends on location, income, immigration status and lender rules.
Immigrants should check local housing agencies and approved lenders before applying.
Other Work and Settlement Options for Immigrants
Some immigrants are still planning their route to the United States, while others compare the U.S. with Canada or Australia before deciding where to settle. If you are still exploring work routes abroad, you may also read about working in Canada through the Temporary Foreign Worker Program or compare it with Australia skilled worker visa jobs.
The right option depends on your career, visa eligibility, family plans, budget and long term goals.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can immigrants qualify for home loans in the USA?
Yes. Many immigrants can qualify for home loans if they meet lender requirements for legal status, income, credit score, down payment and documents.
Can visa holders get mortgage loans?
Yes. Some mortgage lenders work with eligible visa holders, including H-1B workers and other employment-based visa holders, depending on lender rules.
Can green card holders buy a home?
Yes. Green card holders and permanent residents can usually apply for many mortgage options if they meet lender requirements.
What is the best home loan for first-time immigrant buyers?
FHA loans are often popular for first-time immigrant buyers because they may offer lower down payment and more flexible credit requirements.
Can immigrants buy a home without a U.S. credit score?
Some lenders may accept alternative credit documents, rental history, utility payments or foreign credit records, but requirements vary by lender.
What credit score is needed for a mortgage?
FHA loans may be possible around 580 for eligible borrowers, while conventional loans often require around 620 or higher. Better credit scores can improve mortgage pricing.
How much down payment do immigrants need?
Down payment may range from 3 percent to 30 percent depending on loan type, credit profile, lender and property.
Are mortgage rates higher for immigrants?
Mortgage rates depend on credit score, down payment, loan type, borrower profile and lender policy. Immigration status alone does not always decide the rate, but documentation and eligibility matter.
Is mortgage pre-approval necessary?
Yes. Mortgage pre-approval helps you understand affordability, compare lenders and make stronger offers.
Should immigrants compare mortgage lenders?
Yes. Comparing lenders can help reduce interest rate, closing costs, fees and total borrowing cost.
Final Action Plan
Step 1: Check your visa or residency eligibility.
Step 2: Build your credit score early.
Step 3: Save for down payment and closing costs.
Step 4: Reduce credit card and loan debt.
Step 5: Prepare immigration documents.
Step 6: Prepare income documents and bank statements.
Step 7: Compare FHA, conventional, Non-QM and jumbo loans.
Step 8: Get mortgage pre-approval before house hunting.
Step 9: Compare at least three lenders.
Step 10: Review APR, closing costs, mortgage insurance and monthly payment.
Step 11: Avoid new debt during the mortgage process.
Step 12: Choose a home you can afford comfortably.
Final Thoughts
Finding the best home loans for immigrants in the USA requires proper planning, strong documentation and careful lender comparison.
Whether you are a visa holder, green card holder, permanent resident, foreign worker, self-employed immigrant, first-time buyer or professional working through job sponsorship, there may be mortgage options available if you meet lender requirements.
FHA loans may help first-time buyers with lower down payments and flexible credit rules. Conventional loans may suit immigrants with stronger credit and stable income. Non-QM loans may help self-employed immigrants and business owners with alternative income documents. Jumbo loans may work for high income immigrant buyers purchasing expensive homes.
For immigrants working toward permanent residence through employment, homeownership can become part of a long term settlement and wealth building plan.
The smartest approach is to build credit, save for a down payment, compare mortgage rates, review closing costs, get pre-approved and work with lenders who understand immigrant mortgage applications.
A home loan is not just about buying property. It is about choosing the right financing structure, protecting your income, building equity and creating long term financial stability in the United States.
